清 青玉孝淑睿皇后谥册
共十页,等大,长28.8厘米、宽12.8厘米、 厚0.8厘米。青玉制成,玉质温润。每片均采用填金工艺雕刻而成。分别为首尾刻升降龙、火焰宝珠及云纹两页,汉文谥文三页,满文谥文五页,共计323字,纹饰精美细腻,字体优美隽永。每一册页均配有一木托,木托与册页之间用黄地织锦相隔,再将装有册页的十片木托放入如抽屉般的大木匣之中,整体做工严丝合缝、精良考究。
此谥册是清道光皇帝为其生母嘉庆帝孝淑睿皇后所做,记述了孝淑睿皇后一生的功绩。孝淑睿皇后系满洲正白旗人,副都统、内务府总管和尔经额之女,嘉庆元年(1796)被封为皇后,次年二月病故,册谥皇后曰:孝淑皇后。道光元年(1821)上谥曰:孝淑端和仁庄慈懿光天佑圣睿皇后。后又经道光三十年、咸丰十一年两次加谥,孝淑睿皇后全谥曰:孝淑端和仁庄慈懿敦裕昭肃光天佑圣睿皇后。
清代将前朝谥法制度加以承袭修改,形成了一套较为成熟规范的谥法制度。谥册、谥宝便是其制度的载体,是皇帝为前代帝后进谥号、庙号时制备的珍贵之物。每位帝后制作谥册的数量不尽相同,但每册均由十页组成,皆用青玉或碧玉制作。因其制作和尊谥的年代不同,从而在形制规格方面也存在明显差异。乾隆时期对其数量和规格做了明确规定,并下令将册宝制作两副,奉京师太庙和盛京太庙各一副。清朝几乎每位在位皇帝要为仙逝的列帝列后举行上谥礼和加谥礼,这是帝后大丧的重要仪式,场面之庄重、礼节之繁缛、程序之严格令人震撼不已。
由此可见,清青玉孝淑睿皇后谥册是清代重要的宫廷典章文物,研究其上铭文及其规格形制对于印证清史记载的真实性和探索清代丧葬礼仪制度都具有重要的历史文化涵义。
Grey jade blades(set of posthumous volume of an Empress)
Qing dynasty(1644-1911)
Height 28.8cm, Width 12.8cm, Thickness 0.8cm
The jade slips, ten in all, are engraved with cloud and dragon patterns, Chinese or Manchurian characters from Qing dynasty’s Daoguang Emperor recording the feats of his mother, the Empress of Emperor Jiaqing. It was an established practice during the Qing dynasty to make such a record for the deceased Emperor and Empress. Usually two sets would be made, one to be kept in Shenyang and the other in the imperial Ancestral Temple in Beijing. Superior quality of the jade material and fine inscriptions make it valuable, both historically and artistically.